diff --git a/ptx/src/ast.rs b/ptx/src/ast.rs
index ce9a596..5d43a26 100644
--- a/ptx/src/ast.rs
+++ b/ptx/src/ast.rs
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ pub struct LdData {
     pub typ: ScalarType,
 }
 
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum LdStQualifier {
     Weak,
     Volatile,
@@ -208,14 +208,14 @@ pub enum LdStQualifier {
     Acquire(LdScope),
 }
 
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum LdScope {
     Cta,
     Gpu,
     Sys,
 }
 
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum LdStateSpace {
     Generic,
     Const,
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ pub enum LdStateSpace {
     Shared,
 }
 
-#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum LdCacheOperator {
     Cached,
     L2Only,
diff --git a/ptx/src/translate.rs b/ptx/src/translate.rs
index a186772..ad87af8 100644
--- a/ptx/src/translate.rs
+++ b/ptx/src/translate.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
-use rspirv::binary::Assemble;
+use rspirv::binary::{Assemble, Disassemble};
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Copy)]
 enum SpirvType {
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ pub fn to_spirv(ast: ast::Module) -> Result<Vec<u32>, dr::Error> {
         emit_function(&mut builder, &mut map, f)?;
     }
     let module = builder.module();
+    dbg!(print!("{}", module.disassemble()));
     Ok(module.assemble())
 }
 
@@ -122,19 +123,44 @@ fn emit_function<'a>(
     if f.kernel {
         builder.entry_point(spirv::ExecutionModel::Kernel, func_id, f.name, &[]);
     }
+    let (mut func_body, bbs, _, unique_ids) = to_ssa(&f.args, f.body);
+    let id_offset = builder.reserve_ids(unique_ids);
+    emit_function_args(builder, id_offset, map, &f.args);
+    apply_id_offset(&mut func_body, id_offset);
+    emit_function_body_ops(builder, map, &func_body, &bbs)?;
+    builder.end_function()?;
+    Ok(func_id)
+}
+
+fn apply_id_offset(func_body: &mut Vec<Statement>, id_offset: u32) {
+    for s in func_body {
+        s.visit_id_mut(&mut |_, id| *id += id_offset);
+    }
+}
+
+fn to_ssa<'a>(
+    f_args: &[ast::Argument],
+    f_body: Vec<ast::Statement<&'a str>>,
+) -> (
+    Vec<Statement>,
+    Vec<BasicBlock>,
+    Vec<Vec<PhiDef>>,
+    spirv::Word,
+) {
     let mut contant_ids = HashMap::new();
-    collect_arg_ids(&mut contant_ids, &f.args);
-    collect_label_ids(&mut contant_ids, &f.body);
-    let registers = collect_registers(&f.body);
-    let (normalized_ids, unique_ids, type_check) =
-        normalize_identifiers(f.body, &contant_ids, registers);
+    let mut type_check = HashMap::new();
+    collect_arg_ids(&mut contant_ids, &mut type_check, &f_args);
+    collect_label_ids(&mut contant_ids, &f_body);
+    let registers = collect_var_definitions(&f_args, &f_body);
+    let (normalized_ids, unique_ids) =
+        normalize_identifiers(f_body, &contant_ids, &mut type_check, registers);
     let (mut func_body, unique_ids) =
-        insert_implicit_conversion(normalized_ids, unique_ids, &|x| type_check[&x]);
+        insert_implicit_conversions(normalized_ids, unique_ids, &|x| type_check[&x]);
     let bbs = get_basic_blocks(&func_body);
     let rpostorder = to_reverse_postorder(&bbs);
     let doms = immediate_dominators(&bbs, &rpostorder);
     let dom_fronts = dominance_frontiers(&bbs, &doms);
-    let (_, unique_ids) = ssa_legalize(
+    let (phis, unique_ids) = ssa_legalize(
         &mut func_body,
         contant_ids.len() as u32,
         unique_ids,
@@ -142,15 +168,17 @@ fn emit_function<'a>(
         &doms,
         &dom_fronts,
     );
-    let id_offset = builder.reserve_ids(unique_ids);
-    emit_function_args(builder, id_offset, map, &f.args);
-    emit_function_body_ops(builder, id_offset, map, &func_body, &bbs)?;
-    builder.end_function()?;
-    Ok(func_id)
+    (func_body, bbs, phis, unique_ids)
 }
 
-fn collect_registers<'a>(body: &[ast::Statement<&'a str>]) -> HashMap<Cow<'a, str>, ast::Type> {
+fn collect_var_definitions<'a>(
+    args: &[ast::Argument<'a>],
+    body: &[ast::Statement<&'a str>],
+) -> HashMap<Cow<'a, str>, ast::Type> {
     let mut result = HashMap::new();
+    for param in args {
+        result.insert(Cow::Borrowed(param.name), ast::Type::Scalar(param.a_type));
+    }
     for s in body {
         match s {
             ast::Statement::Variable(var) => match var.count {
@@ -170,12 +198,19 @@ fn collect_registers<'a>(body: &[ast::Statement<&'a str>]) -> HashMap<Cow<'a, st
 }
 
 /*
- There are three kinds of implicit conversions in PTX:
+ There are several kinds of implicit conversions in PTX:
  * auto-bitcast: https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/parallel-thread-execution/index.html#type-information-for-instructions-and-operands
  * special ld/st/cvt conversion rules: https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/parallel-thread-execution/index.html#operand-size-exceeding-instruction-type-size
- * pointer dereference in st/ld: not documented, but for instruction `ld.<space>.<type> x, [y]` semantics are x = *(<type>*)y
+   - ld.param: not documented, but for instruction `ld.param.<type> x, [y]`,
+     semantics are to first zext/chop/bitcast `y` as needed and then do
+     documented special ld/st/cvt conversion rules for destination operands
+   - generic ld: for instruction `ld x, [y]`, y must be of type b64/u64/s64,
+     which is bitcast to a pointer, dereferenced and then documented special
+     ld/st/cvt conversion rules are applied
+   - generic ld: for instruction `ld [x], y`, x must be of type b64/u64/s64,
+     which is bitcast to a pointer
 */
-fn insert_implicit_conversion<TypeCheck: Fn(spirv::Word) -> ast::Type>(
+fn insert_implicit_conversions<TypeCheck: Fn(spirv::Word) -> ast::Type>(
     normalized_ids: Vec<Statement>,
     unique_ids: spirv::Word,
     type_check: &TypeCheck,
@@ -190,16 +225,42 @@ fn insert_implicit_conversion<TypeCheck: Fn(spirv::Word) -> ast::Type>(
     for s in normalized_ids.into_iter() {
         match s {
             Statement::Instruction(inst) => match inst {
-                ast::Instruction::Add(add, arg) => {
-                    arg.insert_implicit_conversions(
+                ast::Instruction::Ld(ld, mut arg) => {
+                    let new_arg_src = arg.src.map_id(&mut |arg_src| {
+                        insert_implicit_conversions_ld_src(
+                            &mut result,
+                            ast::Type::Scalar(ld.typ),
+                            type_check,
+                            new_id,
+                            |instr, op| ld.state_space.should_convert(instr, op),
+                            arg_src,
+                        )
+                    });
+                    arg.src = new_arg_src;
+                    insert_implicit_bitcasts(
+                        false,
+                        true,
                         &mut result,
-                        ast::Type::Scalar(add.typ),
                         type_check,
                         new_id,
-                        |arg| Statement::Instruction(ast::Instruction::Add(add, arg)),
+                        ast::Instruction::Ld(ld, arg),
                     );
                 }
-                _ => todo!(),
+                ast::Instruction::St(st, mut arg) => {
+                    let arg_dst_type = type_check(arg.dst);
+                    let new_dst = new_id();
+                    result.push(Statement::Converison(ImplicitConversion{
+                        src: arg.dst,
+                        dst: new_dst,
+                        from: arg_dst_type,
+                        to: ast::Type::Scalar(st.typ),
+                        kind: ConversionKind::Ptr
+                    }));
+                    arg.dst = new_dst;
+                }
+                inst @ _ => {
+                    insert_implicit_bitcasts(true, true, &mut result, type_check, new_id, inst)
+                }
             },
             s @ Statement::Conditional(_) | s @ Statement::Label(_) => result.push(s),
             Statement::Converison(_) => unreachable!(),
@@ -236,10 +297,15 @@ fn emit_function_args(
     }
 }
 
-fn collect_arg_ids<'a>(result: &mut HashMap<&'a str, spirv::Word>, args: &'a [ast::Argument<'a>]) {
+fn collect_arg_ids<'a>(
+    result: &mut HashMap<&'a str, spirv::Word>,
+    type_check: &mut HashMap<spirv::Word, ast::Type>,
+    args: &'a [ast::Argument<'a>],
+) {
     let mut id = result.len() as u32;
     for arg in args {
         result.insert(arg.name, id);
+        type_check.insert(id, ast::Type::Scalar(arg.a_type));
         id += 1;
     }
 }
@@ -263,7 +329,6 @@ fn collect_label_ids<'a>(
 
 fn emit_function_body_ops(
     builder: &mut dr::Builder,
-    id_offset: spirv::Word,
     map: &mut TypeWordMap,
     func: &[Statement],
     cfg: &[BasicBlock],
@@ -276,56 +341,40 @@ fn emit_function_body_ops(
             continue;
         }
         let header_id = if let Statement::Label(id) = body[0] {
-            Some(id_offset + id)
+            Some(id)
         } else {
             None
         };
         builder.begin_block(header_id)?;
         for s in body {
             match s {
-                // If block startd with a label it has already been emitted,
+                // If block starts with a label it has already been emitted,
                 // all other labels in the block are unused
                 Statement::Label(_) => (),
-                Statement::Converison(_) => todo!(),
+                Statement::Converison(cv) => emit_implicit_conversion(builder, map, cv)?,
                 Statement::Conditional(bra) => {
                     builder.branch_conditional(bra.predicate, bra.if_true, bra.if_false, [])?;
                 }
                 Statement::Instruction(inst) => match inst {
                     // SPIR-V does not support marking jumps as guaranteed-converged
                     ast::Instruction::Bra(_, arg) => {
-                        builder.branch(arg.src + id_offset)?;
+                        builder.branch(arg.src)?;
                     }
                     ast::Instruction::Ld(data, arg) => {
                         if data.qualifier != ast::LdStQualifier::Weak || data.vector.is_some() {
                             todo!()
                         }
                         let src = match arg.src {
-                            ast::Operand::Reg(id) => id + id_offset,
+                            ast::Operand::Reg(id) => id,
                             _ => todo!(),
                         };
                         let result_type = map.get_or_add_scalar(builder, data.typ);
                         match data.state_space {
                             ast::LdStateSpace::Generic => {
-                                // TODO: make the cast optional
-                                let ptr_result_type = map.get_or_add(
-                                    builder,
-                                    SpirvType::Pointer(
-                                        data.typ,
-                                        spirv::StorageClass::CrossWorkgroup,
-                                    ),
-                                );
-                                let bitcast =
-                                    builder.convert_u_to_ptr(ptr_result_type, None, src)?;
-                                builder.load(
-                                    result_type,
-                                    Some(arg.dst + id_offset),
-                                    bitcast,
-                                    None,
-                                    [],
-                                )?;
+                                builder.load(result_type, Some(arg.dst), src, None, [])?;
                             }
                             ast::LdStateSpace::Param => {
-                                builder.copy_object(result_type, Some(arg.dst + id_offset), src)?;
+                                builder.copy_object(result_type, Some(arg.dst), src)?;
                             }
                             _ => todo!(),
                         }
@@ -338,17 +387,10 @@ fn emit_function_body_ops(
                             todo!()
                         }
                         let src = match arg.src {
-                            ast::Operand::Reg(id) => id + id_offset,
+                            ast::Operand::Reg(id) => id,
                             _ => todo!(),
                         };
-                        // TODO make cast optional
-                        let ptr_result_type = map.get_or_add(
-                            builder,
-                            SpirvType::Pointer(data.typ, spirv::StorageClass::CrossWorkgroup),
-                        );
-                        let bitcast =
-                            builder.convert_u_to_ptr(ptr_result_type, None, arg.dst + id_offset)?;
-                        builder.store(bitcast, src, None, &[])?;
+                        builder.store(arg.dst, src, None, &[])?;
                     }
                     // SPIR-V does not support ret as guaranteed-converged
                     ast::Instruction::Ret(_) => builder.ret()?,
@@ -360,12 +402,76 @@ fn emit_function_body_ops(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn emit_implicit_conversion(
+    builder: &mut dr::Builder,
+    map: &mut TypeWordMap,
+    cv: &ImplicitConversion,
+) -> Result<(), dr::Error> {
+    let (from_type, to_type) = match (cv.from, cv.to) {
+        (ast::Type::Scalar(from), ast::Type::Scalar(to)) => (from, to),
+        _ => todo!(),
+    };
+    match cv.kind {
+        ConversionKind::Ptr => {
+            let dst_type = map.get_or_add(
+                builder,
+                SpirvType::Pointer(to_type, spirv_headers::StorageClass::Generic),
+            );
+            builder.bitcast(dst_type, Some(cv.dst), cv.src)?;
+        }
+        ConversionKind::Default => {
+            if from_type.width() == to_type.width() {
+                if from_type.kind() == ScalarKind::Unsigned && to_type.kind() == ScalarKind::Byte
+                    || from_type.kind() == ScalarKind::Byte
+                        && to_type.kind() == ScalarKind::Unsigned
+                {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                let dst_type = map.get_or_add_scalar(builder, to_type);
+                builder.bitcast(dst_type, Some(cv.dst), cv.src)?;
+            } else {
+                let as_unsigned_type = map.get_or_add_scalar(
+                    builder,
+                    ast::ScalarType::from_parts(from_type.width(), ScalarKind::Unsigned),
+                );
+                let as_unsigned = builder.bitcast(as_unsigned_type, None, cv.src)?;
+                let as_unsigned_wide_type =
+                    ast::ScalarType::from_parts(to_type.width(), ScalarKind::Unsigned);
+                let as_unsigned_wide_spirv = map.get_or_add_scalar(
+                    builder,
+                    ast::ScalarType::from_parts(to_type.width(), ScalarKind::Unsigned),
+                );
+                if to_type.kind() == ScalarKind::Unsigned || to_type.kind() == ScalarKind::Byte {
+                    builder.u_convert(as_unsigned_wide_spirv, Some(cv.dst), as_unsigned)?;
+                } else {
+                    let as_unsigned_wide =
+                        builder.u_convert(as_unsigned_wide_spirv, None, as_unsigned)?;
+                    emit_implicit_conversion(
+                        builder,
+                        map,
+                        &ImplicitConversion {
+                            src: as_unsigned_wide,
+                            dst: cv.dst,
+                            from: ast::Type::Scalar(as_unsigned_wide_type),
+                            to: cv.to,
+                            kind: ConversionKind::Default,
+                        },
+                    )?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ConversionKind::SignExtend => todo!(),
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 // TODO: support scopes
 fn normalize_identifiers<'a>(
     func: Vec<ast::Statement<&'a str>>,
     constant_identifiers: &HashMap<&'a str, spirv::Word>, // arguments and labels can't be redefined
+    type_map: &mut HashMap<spirv::Word, ast::Type>,
     types: HashMap<Cow<'a, str>, ast::Type>,
-) -> (Vec<Statement>, spirv::Word, HashMap<spirv::Word, ast::Type>) {
+) -> (Vec<Statement>, spirv::Word) {
     let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(func.len());
     let mut id: u32 = constant_identifiers.len() as u32;
     let mut remapped_ids = HashMap::new();
@@ -389,11 +495,12 @@ fn normalize_identifiers<'a>(
     for s in func {
         Statement::from_ast(s, &mut result, &mut get_or_add);
     }
-    let mut type_map = HashMap::with_capacity(types.len());
-    for (old_id, new_id) in remapped_ids {
-        type_map.insert(new_id, types[old_id]);
-    }
-    (result, id, type_map)
+    type_map.extend(
+        remapped_ids
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(old_id, new_id)| (new_id, types[old_id])),
+    );
+    (result, id)
 }
 
 fn ssa_legalize(
@@ -911,10 +1018,17 @@ impl BrachCondition {
 }
 
 struct ImplicitConversion {
-    dst: spirv::Word,
     src: spirv::Word,
+    dst: spirv::Word,
     from: ast::Type,
     to: ast::Type,
+    kind: ConversionKind,
+}
+
+enum ConversionKind {
+    Default, // zero-extend/chop/bitcast depending on types
+    SignExtend,
+    Ptr,
 }
 
 impl ImplicitConversion {
@@ -1050,6 +1164,16 @@ impl<T> ast::Instruction<T> {
             ast::Instruction::Ret(_) => (),
         }
     }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<ast::Type> {
+        match self {
+            ast::Instruction::Add(add, _) => Some(ast::Type::Scalar(add.typ)),
+            ast::Instruction::Ret(_) => None,
+            ast::Instruction::Ld(ld, _) => Some(ast::Type::Scalar(ld.typ)),
+            ast::Instruction::St(st, _) => Some(ast::Type::Scalar(st.typ)),
+            _ => todo!(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T: Copy> ast::Instruction<T> {
@@ -1162,31 +1286,6 @@ impl<T> ast::Arg3<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl ast::Arg3<spirv::Word> {
-    fn insert_implicit_conversions<
-        TypeCheck: Fn(spirv::Word) -> ast::Type,
-        NewId: FnMut() -> spirv::Word,
-        NewStatement: FnOnce(Self) -> Statement,
-    >(
-        self,
-        func: &mut Vec<Statement>,
-        op_type: ast::Type,
-        type_check: &TypeCheck,
-        new_id: &mut NewId,
-        new_statement: NewStatement,
-    ) {
-        let src1 = self
-            .src1
-            .insert_implicit_conversion(func, op_type, type_check, new_id);
-        let src2 = self
-            .src2
-            .insert_implicit_conversion(func, op_type, type_check, new_id);
-        insert_implicit_conversion_dst(func, op_type, type_check, new_id, self.dst, |dst| {
-            new_statement(Self { dst, src1, src2 })
-        });
-    }
-}
-
 impl<T> ast::Arg4<T> {
     fn map_id<U, F: FnMut(T) -> U>(self, f: &mut F) -> ast::Arg4<U> {
         ast::Arg4 {
@@ -1266,37 +1365,6 @@ impl<T> ast::Operand<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl ast::Operand<spirv::Word> {
-    fn insert_implicit_conversion<
-        TypeCheck: Fn(spirv::Word) -> ast::Type,
-        NewId: FnMut() -> spirv::Word,
-    >(
-        self,
-        func: &mut Vec<Statement>,
-        op_type: ast::Type,
-        type_check: &TypeCheck,
-        new_id: &mut NewId,
-    ) -> Self {
-        match self {
-            ast::Operand::Reg(src) => {
-                if type_check(src) == op_type {
-                    return self;
-                }
-                let new_src = new_id();
-                func.push(Statement::Converison(ImplicitConversion {
-                    src: src,
-                    dst: new_src,
-                    from: type_check(src),
-                    to: op_type,
-                }));
-                ast::Operand::Reg(new_src)
-            }
-            o @ ast::Operand::Imm(_) => o,
-            ast::Operand::RegOffset(_, _) => todo!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl<T> ast::MovOperand<T> {
     fn map_id<U, F: FnMut(T) -> U>(self, f: &mut F) -> ast::MovOperand<U> {
         match self {
@@ -1320,29 +1388,266 @@ impl<T> ast::MovOperand<T> {
     }
 }
 
-fn insert_implicit_conversion_dst<
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+enum ScalarKind {
+    Byte,
+    Unsigned,
+    Signed,
+    Float,
+}
+
+impl ast::ScalarType {
+    fn width(self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            ast::ScalarType::U8 => 1,
+            ast::ScalarType::S8 => 1,
+            ast::ScalarType::B8 => 1,
+            ast::ScalarType::U16 => 2,
+            ast::ScalarType::S16 => 2,
+            ast::ScalarType::B16 => 2,
+            ast::ScalarType::F16 => 2,
+            ast::ScalarType::U32 => 4,
+            ast::ScalarType::S32 => 4,
+            ast::ScalarType::B32 => 4,
+            ast::ScalarType::F32 => 4,
+            ast::ScalarType::U64 => 8,
+            ast::ScalarType::S64 => 8,
+            ast::ScalarType::B64 => 8,
+            ast::ScalarType::F64 => 8,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn kind(self) -> ScalarKind {
+        match self {
+            ast::ScalarType::U8 => ScalarKind::Unsigned,
+            ast::ScalarType::U16 => ScalarKind::Unsigned,
+            ast::ScalarType::U32 => ScalarKind::Unsigned,
+            ast::ScalarType::U64 => ScalarKind::Unsigned,
+            ast::ScalarType::S8 => ScalarKind::Signed,
+            ast::ScalarType::S16 => ScalarKind::Signed,
+            ast::ScalarType::S32 => ScalarKind::Signed,
+            ast::ScalarType::S64 => ScalarKind::Signed,
+            ast::ScalarType::B8 => ScalarKind::Byte,
+            ast::ScalarType::B16 => ScalarKind::Byte,
+            ast::ScalarType::B32 => ScalarKind::Byte,
+            ast::ScalarType::B64 => ScalarKind::Byte,
+            ast::ScalarType::F16 => ScalarKind::Float,
+            ast::ScalarType::F32 => ScalarKind::Float,
+            ast::ScalarType::F64 => ScalarKind::Float,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_parts(width: u8, kind: ScalarKind) -> Self {
+        match kind {
+            ScalarKind::Float => match width {
+                2 => ast::ScalarType::F16,
+                4 => ast::ScalarType::F32,
+                8 => ast::ScalarType::F64,
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            },
+            ScalarKind::Byte => match width {
+                1 => ast::ScalarType::B8,
+                2 => ast::ScalarType::B16,
+                4 => ast::ScalarType::B32,
+                8 => ast::ScalarType::B64,
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            },
+            ScalarKind::Signed => match width {
+                1 => ast::ScalarType::S8,
+                2 => ast::ScalarType::S16,
+                4 => ast::ScalarType::S32,
+                8 => ast::ScalarType::S64,
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            },
+            ScalarKind::Unsigned => match width {
+                1 => ast::ScalarType::U8,
+                2 => ast::ScalarType::U16,
+                4 => ast::ScalarType::U32,
+                8 => ast::ScalarType::U64,
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn should_bitcast(instr: ast::Type, operand: ast::Type) -> bool {
+    match (instr, operand) {
+        (ast::Type::Scalar(inst), ast::Type::Scalar(operand)) => {
+            if inst.width() != operand.width() {
+                return false;
+            }
+            match inst.kind() {
+                ScalarKind::Byte => operand.kind() != ScalarKind::Byte,
+                ScalarKind::Float => operand.kind() == ScalarKind::Byte,
+                ScalarKind::Signed => {
+                    operand.kind() == ScalarKind::Byte || operand.kind() == ScalarKind::Unsigned
+                }
+                ScalarKind::Unsigned => {
+                    operand.kind() == ScalarKind::Byte || operand.kind() == ScalarKind::Signed
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+impl ast::LdStateSpace {
+    fn should_convert(self, instr_type: ast::Type, op_type: ast::Type) -> Option<ConversionKind> {
+        match self {
+            ast::LdStateSpace::Param => {
+                if instr_type != op_type {
+                    Some(ConversionKind::Default)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+            ast::LdStateSpace::Generic => Some(ConversionKind::Ptr),
+            _ => todo!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn insert_forced_bitcast_src<
     TypeCheck: Fn(spirv::Word) -> ast::Type,
     NewId: FnMut() -> spirv::Word,
-    NewStatement: FnOnce(spirv::Word) -> Statement,
 >(
     func: &mut Vec<Statement>,
     op_type: ast::Type,
     type_check: &TypeCheck,
     new_id: &mut NewId,
-    dst: spirv::Word,
-    new_statement: NewStatement,
-) {
-    if type_check(dst) == op_type {
-        func.push(new_statement(dst));
-    } else {
-        let new_dst = new_id();
-        func.push(new_statement(new_dst));
+    src: spirv::Word,
+) -> spirv::Word {
+    let src_type = type_check(src);
+    if src_type == op_type {
+        return src;
+    }
+    let new_src = new_id();
+    func.push(Statement::Converison(ImplicitConversion {
+        src: src,
+        dst: new_src,
+        from: src_type,
+        to: op_type,
+        kind: ConversionKind::Default,
+    }));
+    new_src
+}
+
+fn insert_implicit_conversions_ld_src<
+    TypeCheck: Fn(spirv::Word) -> ast::Type,
+    NewId: FnMut() -> spirv::Word,
+    ShouldConvert: Fn(ast::Type, ast::Type) -> Option<ConversionKind>,
+>(
+    func: &mut Vec<Statement>,
+    instr_type: ast::Type,
+    type_check: &TypeCheck,
+    new_id: &mut NewId,
+    should_convert: ShouldConvert,
+    src: spirv::Word,
+) -> spirv::Word {
+    let src_type = type_check(src);
+    if let Some(conv_kind) = should_convert(src_type, instr_type) {
+        let new_src = new_id();
         func.push(Statement::Converison(ImplicitConversion {
-            src: new_dst,
-            dst: dst,
-            from: type_check(new_dst),
-            to: op_type,
+            src: src,
+            dst: new_src,
+            from: src_type,
+            to: instr_type,
+            kind: conv_kind,
         }));
+        new_src
+    } else {
+        src
+    }
+}
+
+// https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/parallel-thread-execution/index.html#operand-size-exceeding-instruction-type-size__relaxed-type-checking-rules-destination-operands
+fn should_convert_relaxed_dst(
+    dst_type: ast::Type,
+    instr_type: ast::ScalarType,
+) -> Option<ConversionKind> {
+    if dst_type == ast::Type::Scalar(instr_type) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    match dst_type {
+        ast::Type::Scalar(dst_type) => match instr_type.kind() {
+            ScalarKind::Byte => {
+                if instr_type.width() <= dst_type.width() {
+                    Some(ConversionKind::Default)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+            ScalarKind::Signed => {
+                if instr_type.width() <= dst_type.width() && dst_type.kind() != ScalarKind::Float {
+                    Some(ConversionKind::SignExtend)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+            ScalarKind::Unsigned => {
+                if instr_type.width() <= dst_type.width() && dst_type.kind() != ScalarKind::Float {
+                    Some(ConversionKind::Default)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+            ScalarKind::Float => {
+                if instr_type.width() <= dst_type.width() && dst_type.kind() == ScalarKind::Float {
+                    Some(ConversionKind::Default)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn insert_implicit_bitcasts<
+    TypeCheck: Fn(spirv::Word) -> ast::Type,
+    NewId: FnMut() -> spirv::Word,
+>(
+    do_src_bitcast: bool,
+    do_dst_bitcast: bool,
+    func: &mut Vec<Statement>,
+    type_check: &TypeCheck,
+    new_id: &mut NewId,
+    mut instr: ast::Instruction<spirv::Word>,
+) {
+    let mut dst_coercion = None;
+    if let Some(instr_type) = instr.get_type() {
+        instr.visit_id_mut(&mut |is_dst, id| {
+            if (is_dst && !do_dst_bitcast) || (!is_dst && !do_src_bitcast) {
+                return;
+            }
+            let id_type = type_check(*id);
+            if should_bitcast(instr_type, type_check(*id)) {
+                let replacement_id = new_id();
+                if is_dst {
+                    dst_coercion = Some(ImplicitConversion {
+                        src: replacement_id,
+                        dst: *id,
+                        from: instr_type,
+                        to: id_type,
+                        kind: ConversionKind::Default,
+                    });
+                    *id = replacement_id;
+                } else {
+                    func.push(Statement::Converison(ImplicitConversion {
+                        src: *id,
+                        dst: replacement_id,
+                        from: id_type,
+                        to: instr_type,
+                        kind: ConversionKind::Default,
+                    }));
+                    *id = replacement_id;
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    func.push(Statement::Instruction(instr));
+    if let Some(cond) = dst_coercion {
+        func.push(Statement::Converison(cond));
     }
 }
 
@@ -1678,6 +1983,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     // page 403
     const FIG_19_4: &'static str = "{
+        .reg.u32 i;
+        .reg.u32 j;
+        .reg.u32 k;
+        .reg.pred p;
+        .reg.pred q;
+
         mov.u32     i, 1;
         mov.u32     j, 1;
         mov.u32     k, 0;
@@ -1710,7 +2021,9 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(errors.len(), 0);
         let mut constant_ids = HashMap::new();
         collect_label_ids(&mut constant_ids, &ast);
-        let (normalized_ids, _) = normalize_identifiers(ast, &constant_ids);
+        let registers = collect_var_definitions(&[], &ast);
+        let (normalized_ids, _) =
+            normalize_identifiers(ast, &constant_ids, &mut HashMap::new(), registers);
         let mut bbs = get_basic_blocks(&normalized_ids);
         bbs.iter_mut().for_each(sort_pred_succ);
         assert_eq!(
@@ -1857,7 +2170,9 @@ mod tests {
         let mut constant_ids = HashMap::new();
         collect_label_ids(&mut constant_ids, &fn_ast);
         assert_eq!(constant_ids.len(), 4);
-        let (normalized_ids, max_id) = normalize_identifiers(fn_ast, &constant_ids);
+        let registers = collect_var_definitions(&[], &fn_ast);
+        let (normalized_ids, max_id) =
+            normalize_identifiers(fn_ast, &constant_ids, &mut HashMap::new(), registers);
         let bbs = get_basic_blocks(&normalized_ids);
         let rpostorder = to_reverse_postorder(&bbs);
         let doms = immediate_dominators(&bbs, &rpostorder);
@@ -1895,21 +2210,7 @@ mod tests {
             .parse(&mut errors, func)
             .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(errors.len(), 0);
-        let mut constant_ids = HashMap::new();
-        collect_label_ids(&mut constant_ids, &fn_ast);
-        let (mut func, unique_ids) = normalize_identifiers(fn_ast, &constant_ids);
-        let bbs = get_basic_blocks(&func);
-        let rpostorder = to_reverse_postorder(&bbs);
-        let doms = immediate_dominators(&bbs, &rpostorder);
-        let dom_fronts = dominance_frontiers(&bbs, &doms);
-        let (mut ssa_phis, _) = ssa_legalize(
-            &mut func,
-            constant_ids.len() as u32,
-            unique_ids,
-            &bbs,
-            &doms,
-            &dom_fronts,
-        );
+        let (func, _, mut ssa_phis, unique_ids) = to_ssa(&[], fn_ast);
         assert_phi_dst_id(unique_ids, &ssa_phis);
         assert_dst_unique(&func, &ssa_phis);
         sort_phi(&mut ssa_phis);