diff --git a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/CSSRuleList.cpp b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/CSSRuleList.cpp
index db4ea6c8a06..54cf230ea05 100644
--- a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/CSSRuleList.cpp
+++ b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/CSSRuleList.cpp
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ namespace Web::CSS {
 
 GC_DEFINE_ALLOCATOR(CSSRuleList);
 
-GC::Ref<CSSRuleList> CSSRuleList::create(JS::Realm& realm, GC::RootVector<CSSRule*> const& rules)
+GC::Ref<CSSRuleList> CSSRuleList::create(JS::Realm& realm, ReadonlySpan<GC::Ref<CSSRule>> rules)
 {
     auto rule_list = realm.create<CSSRuleList>(realm);
-    for (auto* rule : rules)
-        rule_list->m_rules.append(*rule);
+    for (auto rule : rules)
+        rule_list->m_rules.append(rule);
     return rule_list;
 }
 
@@ -36,11 +36,6 @@ CSSRuleList::CSSRuleList(JS::Realm& realm)
     m_legacy_platform_object_flags = LegacyPlatformObjectFlags { .supports_indexed_properties = 1 };
 }
 
-GC::Ref<CSSRuleList> CSSRuleList::create_empty(JS::Realm& realm)
-{
-    return realm.create<CSSRuleList>(realm);
-}
-
 void CSSRuleList::initialize(JS::Realm& realm)
 {
     WEB_SET_PROTOTYPE_FOR_INTERFACE(CSSRuleList);
diff --git a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/CSSRuleList.h b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/CSSRuleList.h
index b591116b94e..2be543a1294 100644
--- a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/CSSRuleList.h
+++ b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/CSSRuleList.h
@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@ class CSSRuleList : public Bindings::PlatformObject {
     GC_DECLARE_ALLOCATOR(CSSRuleList);
 
 public:
-    [[nodiscard]] static GC::Ref<CSSRuleList> create(JS::Realm&, GC::RootVector<CSSRule*> const&);
-    [[nodiscard]] static GC::Ref<CSSRuleList> create_empty(JS::Realm&);
+    [[nodiscard]] static GC::Ref<CSSRuleList> create(JS::Realm&, ReadonlySpan<GC::Ref<CSSRule>> = {});
 
     ~CSSRuleList() = default;
 
diff --git a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/CSSStyleSheet.cpp b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/CSSStyleSheet.cpp
index 6e2b61d9e66..eb33f279cfc 100644
--- a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/CSSStyleSheet.cpp
+++ b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/CSSStyleSheet.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ GC::Ref<CSSStyleSheet> CSSStyleSheet::create(JS::Realm& realm, CSSRuleList& rule
 WebIDL::ExceptionOr<GC::Ref<CSSStyleSheet>> CSSStyleSheet::construct_impl(JS::Realm& realm, Optional<CSSStyleSheetInit> const& options)
 {
     // 1. Construct a new CSSStyleSheet object sheet.
-    auto sheet = create(realm, CSSRuleList::create_empty(realm), CSS::MediaList::create(realm, {}), {});
+    auto sheet = create(realm, CSSRuleList::create(realm), CSS::MediaList::create(realm, {}), {});
 
     // 2. Set sheet’s location to the base URL of the associated Document for the current principal global object.
     auto associated_document = as<HTML::Window>(HTML::current_principal_global_object()).document();
diff --git a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/Helpers.cpp b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/Helpers.cpp
index 79f2fba2924..a407a36e9f3 100644
--- a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/Helpers.cpp
+++ b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/Helpers.cpp
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ GC::Ref<JS::Realm> internal_css_realm()
 GC::Ref<CSS::CSSStyleSheet> parse_css_stylesheet(CSS::Parser::ParsingParams const& context, StringView css, Optional<::URL::URL> location, Vector<NonnullRefPtr<CSS::MediaQuery>> media_query_list)
 {
     if (css.is_empty()) {
-        auto rule_list = CSS::CSSRuleList::create_empty(*context.realm);
+        auto rule_list = CSS::CSSRuleList::create(*context.realm);
         auto media_list = CSS::MediaList::create(*context.realm, {});
         auto style_sheet = CSS::CSSStyleSheet::create(*context.realm, rule_list, media_list, location);
         style_sheet->set_source_text({});
diff --git a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/MediaParsing.cpp b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/MediaParsing.cpp
index fcadb1a4864..e446d37693d 100644
--- a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/MediaParsing.cpp
+++ b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/MediaParsing.cpp
@@ -497,12 +497,12 @@ GC::Ptr<CSSMediaRule> Parser::convert_to_media_rule(AtRule const& rule, Nested n
     auto media_query_list = parse_a_media_query_list(media_query_tokens);
     auto media_list = MediaList::create(realm(), move(media_query_list));
 
-    GC::RootVector<CSSRule*> child_rules { realm().heap() };
+    GC::RootVector<GC::Ref<CSSRule>> child_rules { realm().heap() };
     for (auto const& child : rule.child_rules_and_lists_of_declarations) {
         child.visit(
             [&](Rule const& rule) {
                 if (auto child_rule = convert_to_rule(rule, nested))
-                    child_rules.append(child_rule);
+                    child_rules.append(*child_rule);
             },
             [&](Vector<Declaration> const& declarations) {
                 child_rules.append(CSSNestedDeclarations::create(realm(), *convert_to_style_declaration(declarations)));
diff --git a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/Parser.cpp b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/Parser.cpp
index 5bad45a46b6..b7d0f0c3077 100644
--- a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/Parser.cpp
+++ b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/Parser.cpp
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ GC::Ref<CSS::CSSStyleSheet> Parser::parse_as_css_stylesheet(Optional<::URL::URL>
     auto const& style_sheet = parse_a_stylesheet(m_token_stream, location);
 
     // Interpret all of the resulting top-level qualified rules as style rules, defined below.
-    GC::RootVector<CSSRule*> rules(realm().heap());
+    GC::RootVector<GC::Ref<CSSRule>> rules(realm().heap());
     for (auto const& raw_rule : style_sheet.rules) {
         auto rule = convert_to_rule(raw_rule, Nested::No);
         // If any style rule is invalid, or any at-rule is not recognized or is invalid according to its grammar or context, it’s a parse error.
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ GC::Ref<CSS::CSSStyleSheet> Parser::parse_as_css_stylesheet(Optional<::URL::URL>
             log_parse_error();
             continue;
         }
-        rules.append(rule);
+        rules.append(*rule);
     }
 
     auto rule_list = CSSRuleList::create(realm(), rules);
diff --git a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/RuleParsing.cpp b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/RuleParsing.cpp
index 060523104be..50c4b8253ae 100644
--- a/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/RuleParsing.cpp
+++ b/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Parser/RuleParsing.cpp
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ GC::Ptr<CSSStyleRule> Parser::convert_to_style_rule(QualifiedRule const& qualifi
 
     auto declaration = convert_to_style_declaration(qualified_rule.declarations);
 
-    GC::RootVector<CSSRule*> child_rules { realm().heap() };
+    GC::RootVector<GC::Ref<CSSRule>> child_rules { realm().heap() };
     for (auto& child : qualified_rule.child_rules) {
         child.visit(
             [&](Rule const& rule) {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ GC::Ptr<CSSStyleRule> Parser::convert_to_style_rule(QualifiedRule const& qualifi
                 // https://drafts.csswg.org/css-nesting-1/#nested-group-rules
                 if (auto converted_rule = convert_to_rule(rule, Nested::Yes)) {
                     if (is<CSSGroupingRule>(*converted_rule)) {
-                        child_rules.append(converted_rule);
+                        child_rules.append(*converted_rule);
                     } else {
                         dbgln_if(CSS_PARSER_DEBUG, "CSSParser: nested {} is not allowed inside style rule; discarding.", converted_rule->class_name());
                     }
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ GC::Ptr<CSSStyleRule> Parser::convert_to_style_rule(QualifiedRule const& qualifi
                 child_rules.append(CSSNestedDeclarations::create(realm(), *convert_to_style_declaration(declarations)));
             });
     }
-    auto nested_rules = CSSRuleList::create(realm(), move(child_rules));
+    auto nested_rules = CSSRuleList::create(realm(), child_rules);
     return CSSStyleRule::create(realm(), move(selectors), *declaration, *nested_rules);
 }
 
@@ -260,12 +260,12 @@ GC::Ptr<CSSRule> Parser::convert_to_layer_rule(AtRule const& rule, Nested nested
         }
 
         // Then the rules
-        GC::RootVector<CSSRule*> child_rules { realm().heap() };
+        GC::RootVector<GC::Ref<CSSRule>> child_rules { realm().heap() };
         for (auto const& child : rule.child_rules_and_lists_of_declarations) {
             child.visit(
                 [&](Rule const& rule) {
                     if (auto child_rule = convert_to_rule(rule, nested))
-                        child_rules.append(child_rule);
+                        child_rules.append(*child_rule);
                 },
                 [&](Vector<Declaration> const& declarations) {
                     child_rules.append(CSSNestedDeclarations::create(realm(), *convert_to_style_declaration(declarations)));
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ GC::Ptr<CSSKeyframesRule> Parser::convert_to_keyframes_rule(AtRule const& rule)
 
     auto name = name_token.to_string();
 
-    GC::RootVector<CSSRule*> keyframes(realm().heap());
+    GC::RootVector<GC::Ref<CSSRule>> keyframes(realm().heap());
     rule.for_each_as_qualified_rule_list([&](auto& qualified_rule) {
         if (!qualified_rule.child_rules.is_empty()) {
             dbgln_if(CSS_PARSER_DEBUG, "CSSParser: @keyframes keyframe rule contains at-rules; discarding them.");
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ GC::Ptr<CSSKeyframesRule> Parser::convert_to_keyframes_rule(AtRule const& rule)
         }
     });
 
-    return CSSKeyframesRule::create(realm(), name, CSSRuleList::create(realm(), move(keyframes)));
+    return CSSKeyframesRule::create(realm(), name, CSSRuleList::create(realm(), keyframes));
 }
 
 GC::Ptr<CSSNamespaceRule> Parser::convert_to_namespace_rule(AtRule const& rule)
@@ -480,12 +480,12 @@ GC::Ptr<CSSSupportsRule> Parser::convert_to_supports_rule(AtRule const& rule, Ne
         return {};
     }
 
-    GC::RootVector<CSSRule*> child_rules { realm().heap() };
+    GC::RootVector<GC::Ref<CSSRule>> child_rules { realm().heap() };
     for (auto const& child : rule.child_rules_and_lists_of_declarations) {
         child.visit(
             [&](Rule const& rule) {
                 if (auto child_rule = convert_to_rule(rule, nested))
-                    child_rules.append(child_rule);
+                    child_rules.append(*child_rule);
             },
             [&](Vector<Declaration> const& declarations) {
                 child_rules.append(CSSNestedDeclarations::create(realm(), *convert_to_style_declaration(declarations)));