UserspaceEmulator: Improve detection of memory leaks

Previous a mallocation was marked as 'reachable' when any other
mallocation or memory region had a pointer to that mallocation. However
there could be the situation that two mallocations have pointers to each
other while still being unreachable from anywhere else. They would be
marked as 'reachable' regardless.

This patch replaces the old way of detemining whether a mallocation is
reachable by analyzing the dependencies of the different mallocations
using a graph-approach. Now mallocations are only reachable if pointed
to by other reachable mallocations or other memory regions.

A nice bonus is that this gets rid of a nested for_each_mallocation, so
the complexity of leak finding becomes linear instead of quadratic.

Userland/DevTools/UserspaceEmulator/MallocTracer.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2020, Andreas Kling <kling@serenityos.org>
+ * Copyright (c) 2021, Tobias Christiansen <tobi@tobyase.de>
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -306,36 +307,40 @@ void MallocTracer::audit_write(const Region& region, FlatPtr address, size_t siz
     }
 }
 
-bool MallocTracer::is_reachable(const Mallocation& mallocation) const
+void MallocTracer::populate_memory_graph()
 {
-    VERIFY(!mallocation.freed);
-
-    bool reachable = false;
-
-    // 1. Search in active (non-freed) mallocations for pointers to this mallocation
-    for_each_mallocation([&](auto& other_mallocation) {
-        if (&mallocation == &other_mallocation)
+    // Create Node for each live Mallocation
+    for_each_mallocation([&](auto& mallocation) {
+        if (mallocation.freed)
             return IterationDecision::Continue;
-        if (other_mallocation.freed)
+        m_memory_graph.set(mallocation.address, {});
+        return IterationDecision::Continue;
+    });
+
+    // Find pointers from each memory region to another
+    for_each_mallocation([&](auto& mallocation) {
+        if (mallocation.freed)
             return IterationDecision::Continue;
-        size_t pointers_in_mallocation = other_mallocation.size / sizeof(u32);
+
+        size_t pointers_in_mallocation = mallocation.size / sizeof(u32);
+
+        auto& edges_from_mallocation = m_memory_graph.find(mallocation.address)->value;
+
         for (size_t i = 0; i < pointers_in_mallocation; ++i) {
-            auto value = m_emulator.mmu().read32({ 0x23, other_mallocation.address + i * sizeof(u32) });
-            if (value.value() == mallocation.address && !value.is_uninitialized()) {
+            auto value = m_emulator.mmu().read32({ 0x23, mallocation.address + i * sizeof(u32) });
+            auto other_address = value.value();
+            if (!value.is_uninitialized() && m_memory_graph.contains(value.value())) {
 #if REACHABLE_DEBUG
-                reportln("mallocation {:p} is reachable from other mallocation {:p}", mallocation.address, other_mallocation.address);
+                reportln("region/mallocation {:p} is reachable from other mallocation {:p}", other_address, mallocation.address);
 #endif
-                reachable = true;
-                return IterationDecision::Break;
+                edges_from_mallocation.edges_from_node.append(other_address);
             }
         }
         return IterationDecision::Continue;
     });
 
-    if (reachable)
-        return true;
-
-    // 2. Search in other memory regions for pointers to this mallocation
+    // Find mallocations that are pointed to by other regions
+    Vector<FlatPtr> reachable_mallocations = {};
     m_emulator.mmu().for_each_region([&](auto& region) {
         // Skip the stack
         if (region.is_stack())
@@ -349,19 +354,49 @@ bool MallocTracer::is_reachable(const Mallocation& mallocation) const
             return IterationDecision::Continue;
 
         size_t pointers_in_region = region.size() / sizeof(u32);
+
         for (size_t i = 0; i < pointers_in_region; ++i) {
             auto value = region.read32(i * sizeof(u32));
-            if (value.value() == mallocation.address && !value.is_uninitialized()) {
+            auto other_address = value.value();
+            if (!value.is_uninitialized() && m_memory_graph.contains(value.value())) {
 #if REACHABLE_DEBUG
-                reportln("mallocation {:p} is reachable from region {:p}-{:p}", mallocation.address, region.base(), region.end() - 1);
+                reportln("region/mallocation {:p} is reachable from region {:p}-{:p}", other_address, region.base(), region.end() - 1);
 #endif
-                reachable = true;
-                return IterationDecision::Break;
+                m_memory_graph.find(other_address)->value.is_reachable = true;
+                reachable_mallocations.append(other_address);
             }
         }
         return IterationDecision::Continue;
     });
-    return reachable;
+
+    // Propagate reachability
+    // There are probably better ways to do that
+    Vector<FlatPtr> visited = {};
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < reachable_mallocations.size(); ++i) {
+        auto reachable = reachable_mallocations.at(i);
+        if (visited.contains_slow(reachable))
+            continue;
+        visited.append(reachable);
+        auto& mallocation_node = m_memory_graph.find(reachable)->value;
+
+        if (!mallocation_node.is_reachable)
+            mallocation_node.is_reachable = true;
+
+        for (auto& edge : mallocation_node.edges_from_node) {
+            reachable_mallocations.append(edge);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void MallocTracer::dump_memory_graph()
+{
+    for (auto& key : m_memory_graph.keys()) {
+        auto value = m_memory_graph.find(key)->value;
+        dbgln("Block {:p} [{}reachable] ({} edges)", key, !value.is_reachable ? "not " : "", value.edges_from_node.size());
+        for (auto& edge : value.edges_from_node) {
+            dbgln("  -> {:p}", edge);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 void MallocTracer::dump_leak_report()
@@ -370,10 +405,20 @@ void MallocTracer::dump_leak_report()
 
     size_t bytes_leaked = 0;
     size_t leaks_found = 0;
+
+    populate_memory_graph();
+
+#if REACHABLE_DEBUG
+    dump_memory_graph();
+#endif
+
     for_each_mallocation([&](auto& mallocation) {
         if (mallocation.freed)
             return IterationDecision::Continue;
-        if (is_reachable(mallocation))
+
+        auto& value = m_memory_graph.find(mallocation.address)->value;
+
+        if (value.is_reachable)
             return IterationDecision::Continue;
         ++leaks_found;
         bytes_leaked += mallocation.size;
@@ -387,5 +432,4 @@ void MallocTracer::dump_leak_report()
     else
         reportln("\n=={}==  \033[31;1m{} leak(s) found: {} byte(s) leaked\033[0m", getpid(), leaks_found, bytes_leaked);
 }
-
 }

Userland/DevTools/UserspaceEmulator/MallocTracer.h

@@ -39,6 +39,14 @@ namespace UserspaceEmulator {
 class Emulator;
 class SoftCPU;
 
+struct GraphNode {
+    Vector<FlatPtr> edges_from_node {};
+
+    bool is_reachable { false };
+};
+
+using MemoryGraph = HashMap<FlatPtr, GraphNode>;
+
 struct Mallocation {
     bool contains(FlatPtr a) const
     {
@@ -87,10 +95,14 @@ private:
     Mallocation* find_mallocation(FlatPtr);
     Mallocation* find_mallocation_before(FlatPtr);
     Mallocation* find_mallocation_after(FlatPtr);
-    bool is_reachable(const Mallocation&) const;
+
+    void dump_memory_graph();
+    void populate_memory_graph();
 
     Emulator& m_emulator;
 
+    MemoryGraph m_memory_graph {};
+
     bool m_auditing_enabled { true };
 };
 
@@ -112,5 +124,4 @@ ALWAYS_INLINE Mallocation* MallocTracer::find_mallocation(const Region& region,
         return nullptr;
     return mallocation;
 }
-
 }