LibWeb: Expand ClipFrame into clip rectangles during display list replay

Until now, every paint phase of every PaintableBox injected its own
clipping sequence into the display list:
```
before_paint: Save
              AddClipRect (1)
              ...clip rectangles for each containing block with clip...
              AddClipRect (N)

paint:        ...paint phase items...

after_paint:  Restore
```

Because we ran that sequence for every phase of every box, Skia had to
rebuild clip stack `paint_phases * paintable_boxes` times. Worse,
usually most paint phases contribute no visible drawing at all, yet we
still had to emit clipping items because `before_paint()` has no way to
know that in advance.

This change takes a different approach:
- Clip information is now attached as metadata `ClipFrame` to each
  DisplayList item.
- `DisplayListPlayer` groups consecutive commands that share a
  `ClipFrame`, applying the clip once at the start of the group and
  restoring it once at the end.

Going from 10 ms to 5 ms in rasterization on Discord might not sound
like much, but keep in mind that for 60fps we have 16 ms per frame and
there is a lot more work besides display list rasterization we do in
each frame.

* https://discord.com/channels/1247070541085671459/1247090064480014443
  - DisplayList items:  81844  -> 3671
  - rasterize time:     10 ms  -> 5 ms
  - record time:        5 ms   -> 3 ms

* https://github.com/LadybirdBrowser/ladybird
  - DisplayList items:  7902  -> 1176
  - rasterize time:     4 ms  -> 4 ms
  - record time:        3 ms  -> 2 ms

Libraries/LibWeb/Painting/ClipFrame.h

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ struct ClipRectWithScrollFrame {
     RefPtr<ScrollFrame const> enclosing_scroll_frame;
 };
 
-struct ClipFrame : public RefCounted<ClipFrame> {
+struct ClipFrame : public AtomicRefCounted<ClipFrame> {
     Vector<ClipRectWithScrollFrame> const& clip_rects() const { return m_clip_rects; }
     void add_clip_rect(CSSPixelRect rect, BorderRadiiData radii, RefPtr<ScrollFrame const> enclosing_scroll_frame);
 

Libraries/LibWeb/Painting/DisplayList.cpp

@@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2024, Aliaksandr Kalenik <kalenik.aliaksandr@gmail.com>
+ * Copyright (c) 2024-2025, Aliaksandr Kalenik <kalenik.aliaksandr@gmail.com>
  *
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
  */
 
+#include <LibWeb/Painting/DevicePixelConverter.h>
 #include <LibWeb/Painting/DisplayList.h>
 
 namespace Web::Painting {
 
-void DisplayList::append(Command&& command, Optional<i32> scroll_frame_id)
+void DisplayList::append(Command&& command, Optional<i32> scroll_frame_id, RefPtr<ClipFrame const> clip_frame)
 {
-    m_commands.append({ scroll_frame_id, move(command) });
+    m_commands.append({ scroll_frame_id, clip_frame, move(command) });
 }
 
 String DisplayList::dump() const
@@ -56,6 +57,35 @@ void DisplayListPlayer::execute(DisplayList& display_list, ScrollStateSnapshot c
     }
 }
 
+void DisplayListPlayer::apply_clip_frame(ClipFrame const& clip_frame, DevicePixelConverter const& device_pixel_converter)
+{
+    auto const& clip_rects = clip_frame.clip_rects();
+    if (clip_rects.is_empty())
+        return;
+
+    save({});
+    for (auto const& clip_rect : clip_rects) {
+        auto css_rect = clip_rect.rect;
+        if (auto scroll_frame = clip_rect.enclosing_scroll_frame) {
+            css_rect.translate_by(scroll_frame->cumulative_offset());
+        }
+        auto device_rect = device_pixel_converter.rounded_device_rect(css_rect).to_type<int>();
+        auto corner_radii = clip_rect.corner_radii.as_corners(device_pixel_converter);
+        if (corner_radii.has_any_radius()) {
+            add_rounded_rect_clip({ .corner_radii = corner_radii, .border_rect = device_rect, .corner_clip = CornerClip::Outside });
+        } else {
+            add_clip_rect({ .rect = device_rect });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void DisplayListPlayer::remove_clip_frame(ClipFrame const& clip_frame)
+{
+    if (clip_frame.clip_rects().is_empty())
+        return;
+    restore({});
+}
+
 void DisplayListPlayer::execute_impl(DisplayList& display_list, ScrollStateSnapshot const& scroll_state, RefPtr<Gfx::PaintingSurface> surface)
 {
     if (surface)
@@ -68,11 +98,36 @@ void DisplayListPlayer::execute_impl(DisplayList& display_list, ScrollStateSnaps
     auto const& commands = display_list.commands();
     auto device_pixels_per_css_pixel = display_list.device_pixels_per_css_pixel();
 
+    DevicePixelConverter device_pixel_converter { device_pixels_per_css_pixel };
+
     VERIFY(!m_surfaces.is_empty());
 
+    Vector<RefPtr<ClipFrame const>> clip_frames_stack;
+    clip_frames_stack.append({});
     for (size_t command_index = 0; command_index < commands.size(); command_index++) {
-        auto scroll_frame_id = commands[command_index].scroll_frame_id;
+        auto [scroll_frame_id, clip_frame, command] = commands[command_index];
-        auto command = commands[command_index].command;
+
+        if (clip_frames_stack.last() != clip_frame) {
+            if (auto clip_frame = clip_frames_stack.take_last()) {
+                remove_clip_frame(*clip_frame);
+            }
+            clip_frames_stack.append(clip_frame);
+            if (clip_frame) {
+                apply_clip_frame(*clip_frame, device_pixel_converter);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // After entering a new stacking context, we keep the outer clip frame applied.
+        // This is necessary when the stacking context has a CSS transform, and all
+        // nested ClipFrames aggregate clip rectangles only up to the stacking context
+        // node.
+        if (command.has<PushStackingContext>()) {
+            clip_frames_stack.append({});
+        } else if (command.has<PopStackingContext>()) {
+            if (auto clip_frame = clip_frames_stack.take_last()) {
+                remove_clip_frame(*clip_frame);
+            }
+        }
 
         if (command.has<PaintScrollBar>()) {
             auto& paint_scroll_bar = command.get<PaintScrollBar>();
@@ -159,6 +214,12 @@ void DisplayListPlayer::execute_impl(DisplayList& display_list, ScrollStateSnaps
         // clang-format on
     }
 
+    while (!clip_frames_stack.is_empty()) {
+        if (auto clip_frame = clip_frames_stack.take_last()) {
+            remove_clip_frame(*clip_frame);
+        }
+    }
+
     if (surface)
         flush();
 }

Libraries/LibWeb/Painting/DisplayList.h

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2024, Aliaksandr Kalenik <kalenik.aliaksandr@gmail.com>
+ * Copyright (c) 2024-2025, Aliaksandr Kalenik <kalenik.aliaksandr@gmail.com>
  * Copyright (c) 2025, Jelle Raaijmakers <jelle@ladybird.org>
  *
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include <LibGfx/ImmutableBitmap.h>
 #include <LibGfx/PaintStyle.h>
 #include <LibWeb/CSS/Enums.h>
+#include <LibWeb/Painting/ClipFrame.h>
 #include <LibWeb/Painting/Command.h>
 #include <LibWeb/Painting/ScrollState.h>
 
@@ -74,6 +75,9 @@ private:
     virtual void apply_mask_bitmap(ApplyMaskBitmap const&) = 0;
     virtual bool would_be_fully_clipped_by_painter(Gfx::IntRect) const = 0;
 
+    void apply_clip_frame(ClipFrame const&, DevicePixelConverter const&);
+    void remove_clip_frame(ClipFrame const&);
+
     Vector<NonnullRefPtr<Gfx::PaintingSurface>, 1> m_surfaces;
 };
 
@@ -84,10 +88,11 @@ public:
         return adopt_ref(*new DisplayList());
     }
 
-    void append(Command&& command, Optional<i32> scroll_frame_id);
+    void append(Command&& command, Optional<i32> scroll_frame_id, RefPtr<ClipFrame const>);
 
     struct CommandListItem {
         Optional<i32> scroll_frame_id;
+        RefPtr<ClipFrame const> clip_frame;
         Command command;
     };
 

Libraries/LibWeb/Painting/DisplayListRecorder.cpp

@@ -23,7 +23,10 @@ DisplayListRecorder::~DisplayListRecorder() = default;
         Optional<i32> _scroll_frame_id;                                    \
         if (!m_scroll_frame_id_stack.is_empty())                           \
             _scroll_frame_id = m_scroll_frame_id_stack.last();             \
-        m_command_list.append(__VA_ARGS__, _scroll_frame_id);  \
+        RefPtr<ClipFrame const> _clip_frame;                               \
+        if (!m_clip_frame_stack.is_empty())                                \
+            _clip_frame = m_clip_frame_stack.last();                       \
+        m_command_list.append(__VA_ARGS__, _scroll_frame_id, _clip_frame); \
     } while (false)
 
 void DisplayListRecorder::paint_nested_display_list(RefPtr<DisplayList> display_list, ScrollStateSnapshot&& scroll_state_snapshot, Gfx::IntRect rect)
@@ -311,6 +314,16 @@ void DisplayListRecorder::pop_scroll_frame_id()
     (void)m_scroll_frame_id_stack.take_last();
 }
 
+void DisplayListRecorder::push_clip_frame(RefPtr<ClipFrame const> clip_frame)
+{
+    m_clip_frame_stack.append(clip_frame);
+}
+
+void DisplayListRecorder::pop_clip_frame()
+{
+    (void)m_clip_frame_stack.take_last();
+}
+
 void DisplayListRecorder::push_stacking_context(PushStackingContextParams params)
 {
     APPEND(PushStackingContext {
@@ -323,11 +336,13 @@ void DisplayListRecorder::push_stacking_context(PushStackingContextParams params
             .matrix = params.transform.matrix,
         },
         .clip_path = params.clip_path });
+    m_clip_frame_stack.append({});
 }
 
 void DisplayListRecorder::pop_stacking_context()
 {
     APPEND(PopStackingContext {});
+    (void)m_clip_frame_stack.take_last();
 }
 
 void DisplayListRecorder::apply_backdrop_filter(Gfx::IntRect const& backdrop_region, BorderRadiiData const& border_radii_data, Gfx::Filter const& backdrop_filter)

Libraries/LibWeb/Painting/DisplayListRecorder.h

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <LibWeb/Forward.h>
 #include <LibWeb/Painting/BorderRadiiData.h>
 #include <LibWeb/Painting/BorderRadiusCornerClipper.h>
+#include <LibWeb/Painting/ClipFrame.h>
 #include <LibWeb/Painting/GradientData.h>
 #include <LibWeb/Painting/PaintBoxShadowParams.h>
 
@@ -111,6 +112,9 @@ public:
     void push_scroll_frame_id(Optional<i32> id);
     void pop_scroll_frame_id();
 
+    void push_clip_frame(RefPtr<ClipFrame const>);
+    void pop_clip_frame();
+
     void save();
     void save_layer();
     void restore();
@@ -161,6 +165,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
     Vector<Optional<i32>> m_scroll_frame_id_stack;
+    Vector<RefPtr<ClipFrame const>> m_clip_frame_stack;
     DisplayList& m_command_list;
 };
 

Libraries/LibWeb/Painting/PaintableBox.cpp

@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ void PaintableBox::before_paint(PaintContext& context, PaintPhase phase) const
         return;
 
     if (first_is_one_of(phase, PaintPhase::Background, PaintPhase::Foreground) && own_clip_frame()) {
-        apply_clip(context, own_clip_frame());
+        context.display_list_recorder().push_clip_frame(own_clip_frame());
     } else if (!has_css_transform()) {
         apply_clip_overflow_rect(context, phase);
     }
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ void PaintableBox::after_paint(PaintContext& context, PaintPhase phase) const
 
     reset_scroll_offset(context);
     if (first_is_one_of(phase, PaintPhase::Background, PaintPhase::Foreground) && own_clip_frame()) {
-        restore_clip(context, own_clip_frame());
+        context.display_list_recorder().pop_clip_frame();
     } else if (!has_css_transform()) {
         clear_clip_overflow_rect(context, phase);
     }
@@ -647,39 +647,6 @@ Optional<CSSPixelRect> PaintableBox::clip_rect_for_hit_testing() const
     return {};
 }
 
-void PaintableBox::apply_clip(PaintContext& context, RefPtr<ClipFrame const> const& from_clip_frame)
-{
-    auto const& clip_rects = from_clip_frame->clip_rects();
-    if (clip_rects.is_empty())
-        return;
-
-    auto& display_list_recorder = context.display_list_recorder();
-    display_list_recorder.save();
-    for (auto const& clip_rect : clip_rects) {
-        Optional<i32> clip_scroll_frame_id;
-        if (clip_rect.enclosing_scroll_frame)
-            clip_scroll_frame_id = clip_rect.enclosing_scroll_frame->id();
-        display_list_recorder.push_scroll_frame_id(clip_scroll_frame_id);
-        auto rect = context.rounded_device_rect(clip_rect.rect).to_type<int>();
-        auto corner_radii = clip_rect.corner_radii.as_corners(context.device_pixel_converter());
-        if (corner_radii.has_any_radius()) {
-            display_list_recorder.add_rounded_rect_clip(corner_radii, rect, CornerClip::Outside);
-        } else {
-            display_list_recorder.add_clip_rect(rect);
-        }
-        display_list_recorder.pop_scroll_frame_id();
-    }
-}
-
-void PaintableBox::restore_clip(PaintContext& context, RefPtr<ClipFrame const> const& from_clip_frame)
-{
-    auto const& clip_rects = from_clip_frame->clip_rects();
-    if (clip_rects.is_empty())
-        return;
-
-    context.display_list_recorder().restore();
-}
-
 void PaintableBox::apply_scroll_offset(PaintContext& context) const
 {
     if (scroll_frame_id().has_value()) {
@@ -702,7 +669,7 @@ void PaintableBox::apply_clip_overflow_rect(PaintContext& context, PaintPhase ph
     if (!AK::first_is_one_of(phase, PaintPhase::Background, PaintPhase::Border, PaintPhase::TableCollapsedBorder, PaintPhase::Foreground, PaintPhase::Outline))
         return;
 
-    apply_clip(context, enclosing_clip_frame());
+    context.display_list_recorder().push_clip_frame(enclosing_clip_frame());
 }
 
 void PaintableBox::clear_clip_overflow_rect(PaintContext& context, PaintPhase phase) const
@@ -713,7 +680,7 @@ void PaintableBox::clear_clip_overflow_rect(PaintContext& context, PaintPhase ph
     if (!AK::first_is_one_of(phase, PaintPhase::Background, PaintPhase::Border, PaintPhase::TableCollapsedBorder, PaintPhase::Foreground, PaintPhase::Outline))
         return;
 
-    restore_clip(context, enclosing_clip_frame());
+    context.display_list_recorder().pop_clip_frame();
 }
 
 void paint_cursor_if_needed(PaintContext& context, TextPaintable const& paintable, PaintableFragment const& fragment)

Libraries/LibWeb/Painting/PaintableBox.h

@@ -305,9 +305,6 @@ private:
     bool scrollbar_contains_mouse_position(ScrollDirection, CSSPixelPoint);
     void scroll_to_mouse_position(CSSPixelPoint);
 
-    static void apply_clip(PaintContext&, RefPtr<ClipFrame const> const&);
-    static void restore_clip(PaintContext&, RefPtr<ClipFrame const> const&);
-
     OwnPtr<StackingContext> m_stacking_context;
 
     Optional<OverflowData> m_overflow_data;

Tests/LibWeb/Text/expected/display_list/simple-overflow-hidden.txt

@@ -1,27 +1,9 @@
 SaveLayer
 PushStackingContext
 PushStackingContext
-Save
-AddClipRect rect=[10,10 200x100]
-Restore
 FillPathUsingColor
-Save
-AddClipRect rect=[10,10 200x100]
-Restore
-Save
-AddClipRect rect=[10,10 200x100]
 FillRect rect=[10,10 300x150] color=rgb(240, 128, 128)
-Restore
-Save
-AddClipRect rect=[10,10 200x100]
-Restore
-Save
-AddClipRect rect=[10,10 200x100]
 DrawGlyphRun rect=[10,10 38x18] translation=[10,23.796875] color=rgb(0, 0, 0) scale=1
-Restore
-Save
-AddClipRect rect=[10,10 200x100]
-Restore
 PopStackingContext
 PopStackingContext
 Restore