We have a new, improved string type coming up in AK (OOM aware, no null
state), and while it's going to use UTF-8, the name UTF8String is a
mouthful - so let's free up the String name by renaming the existing
class.
Making the old one have an annoying name will hopefully also help with
quick adoption :^)
Each of these strings would previously rely on StringView's char const*
constructor overload, which would call __builtin_strlen on the string.
Since we now have operator ""sv, we can replace these with much simpler
versions. This opens the door to being able to remove
StringView(char const*).
No functional changes.
This commit moves the length calculations out to be directly on the
StringView users. This is an important step towards the goal of removing
StringView(char const*), as it moves the responsibility of calculating
the size of the string to the user of the StringView (which will prevent
naive uses causing OOB access).
IFUNC is a GNU extension to the ELF standard that allows a function to
have multiple implementations. A resolver function has to be called at
load time to choose the right one to use. The PLT will contain the entry
to the resolved function, so branching and more indirect jumps can be
avoided at run-time.
This mechanism is usually used when a routine can be made faster using
CPU features that are available in only some models, and a fallback
implementation has to exist for others.
We will use this feature to have two separate memset implementations for
CPUs with and without ERMS (Enhanced REP MOVSB/STOSB) support.
I noticed that we were populating this StringBuilder and then throwing
away the result while profiling `true` with UserSpace emulator.
Before:
courage:~ $ time -n 1000 true
Timing report: 3454 ms
==============
Command: true
Average time: 3.45 ms (median: 3, stddev: 3.42, min: 0, max:11)
Excluding first: 3.45 ms (median: 3, stddev: 3.42, min: 0, max:11)
After:
courage:~ $ time -n 1000 true
Timing report: 3308 ms
==============
Command: true
Average time: 3.30 ms (median: 3, stddev: 3.28, min: 0, max:12)
Excluding first: 3.30 ms (median: 3, stddev: 3.29, min: 0, max:12)
The DT_RELR relocation is a relatively new relocation encoding designed
to achieve space-efficient relative relocations in PIE programs.
The description of the format is available here:
https://groups.google.com/g/generic-abi/c/bX460iggiKg/m/Pi9aSwwABgAJ
It works by using a bitmap to store the offsets which need to be
relocated. Even entries are *address* entries: they contain an address
(relative to the base of the executable) which needs to be relocated.
Subsequent even entries are *bitmap* entries: "1" bits encode offsets
(in word size increments) relative to the last address entry which need
to be relocated.
This is in contrast to the REL/RELA format, where each entry takes up
2/3 machine words. Certain kinds of relocations store useful data in
that space (like the name of the referenced symbol), so not everything
can be encoded in this format. But as position-independent executables
and shared libraries tend to have a lot of relative relocations, a
specialized encoding for them absolutely makes sense.
The authors of the format suggest an overall 5-20% reduction in the file
size of various programs. Due to our extensive use of dynamic linking
and us not stripping debug info, relative relocations don't make up such
a large portion of the binary's size, so the measurements will tend to
skew to the lower side of the spectrum.
The following measurements were made with the x86-64 Clang toolchain:
- The kernel contains 290989 relocations. Enabling RELR decreased its
size from 30 MiB to 23 MiB.
- LibUnicodeData contains 190262 relocations, almost all of them
relative. Its file size changed from 17 MiB to 13 MiB.
- /bin/WebContent contains 1300 relocations, 66% of which are relative
relocations. With RELR, its size changed from 832 KiB to 812 KiB.
This change was inspired by the following blog post:
https://maskray.me/blog/2021-10-31-relative-relocations-and-relr
These are found in some libraries, and LibELF doesn't know how to handle
them, not even their name. Adding these definitions should at least help
readelf display information correctly, but more work is needed to
actually implement them.
A copy of the same mapping was found both in LibELF and in the readelf
utility, which uses LibELF; keeping them both is redundant and removing
the duplicate saves (a bit of) space.
Optimizations:
- Make sure `DT_SYMTAB` is a string view literal, instead of string.
- DynamicObject::HashSection::lookup_sysv_symbol should be using
raw_name() from symbol comparison to avoid needlessly calling
`strlen`, when the StrinView::operator= walks the cstring without
calling `strlen` first.
- DynamicObject::HashSection::lookup_gnu_symbol shouldn't create a
symbol unless we know the hashes match first.
In order to test these changes I enabled Undefined behavior sanitizer
which creates a huge amount of relocations, and then ran the browser
with the help argument 100 times. The browser is a fairly big app with
a few different libraries being loaded, so it seemed liked a good
target.
Command: `time -n 100 br --help`
Before:
```
Timing report:
==============
Command: br --help
Average time: 3897.679931 ms
Excluding first: 3901.242431 ms
```
After:
```
Timing report:
==============
Command: br --help
Average time: 3612.860107 ms
Excluding first: 3613.54541 ms
```
When using BIND_NOW (e.g. via -Wl,-z,now) we would fail to load ELF
images while doing relocations when we encounter a weak symbol. Instead
we should just patch the PLT entry with a null pointer.
This can be reproduced with:
$ cat test.cpp
int main()
{
std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl;
}
$ g++ -o test -Wl,-z,now test.cpp
$ ./test
did not find symbol while doing relocations for library test: _ITM_RU1
By constraining two implementations, the compiler will select the best
fitting one. All this will require is duplicating the implementation and
simplifying for the `void` case.
This constraining also informs both the caller and compiler by passing
the callback parameter types as part of the constraint
(e.g.: `IterationFunction<int>`).
Some `for_each` functions in LibELF only take functions which return
`void`. This is a minimal correctness check, as it removes one way for a
function to incompletely do something.
There seems to be a possible idiom where inside a lambda, a `return;` is
the same as `continue;` in a for-loop.
This changes the TLS offset calculation logic to be based on the
symbol's size instead of the total size of the TLS.
Because of this change, we no longer need to pipe "m_tls_size" to so
many functions.
Also, After this patch, the TLS data of the main program exists at the
"end" of the TLS block (Highest addresses).
This fixes a part of #6609.
This implements more of the dlfcn functionality. Most notably:
* It's now possible to dlopen() libraries which were already
loaded at program startup time. This does not cause those
libraries to be loaded twice.
* Errors are reported via dlerror() rather than by crashing
the program.
* Calls to the dl*() functions are thread-safe.
SPDX License Identifiers are a more compact / standardized
way of representing file license information.
See: https://spdx.dev/resources/use/#identifiers
This was done with the `ambr` search and replace tool.
ambr --no-parent-ignore --key-from-file --rep-from-file key.txt rep.txt *
The shared library libicudata.so has a DT_SYMBOLIC entry:
Dynamic Section:
NEEDED libgcc_s.so
SONAME libicudata.so.69
SYMBOLIC 0x00000000
HASH 0x00000094
STRTAB 0x000000c8
SYMTAB 0x000000a8
STRSZ 0x0000002a
SYMENT 0x00000010
According to the ELF spec DT_SYMBOLIC has no special meaning
for the dynamic loader.
(...and ASSERT_NOT_REACHED => VERIFY_NOT_REACHED)
Since all of these checks are done in release builds as well,
let's rename them to VERIFY to prevent confusion, as everyone is
used to assertions being compiled out in release.
We can introduce a new ASSERT macro that is specifically for debug
checks, but I'm doing this wholesale conversion first since we've
accumulated thousands of these already, and it's not immediately
obvious which ones are suitable for ASSERT.
It's a lot faster to iterate the GNU hash tables if we don't have to
compute the length of every symbol name before rejecting it anyway while
comparing the first character. :^)
When performing a global symbol lookup, we were recomputing the symbol
hashes once for every dynamic object searched. The hash function was
at the very top of a profile (15%) of program startup.
With this change, the hash function is no longer visible among the top
stacks in the profile. :^)
Let's use a stronger type than void* for this since we're talking
specifically about a virtual address and not necessarily a pointer
to something actually in memory (yet).
It was very confusing how these functions used the "undefined" state
of Symbol to signal lookup failure. Let's use Optional<T> to make things
a bit more understandable.
The dynamic loader will now mark RELRO segments read-only after
performing relocations. This is pretty cool!
Note that this only applies to main executables so far,.
RELRO support for shared libraries will require some reorganizing
of the dynamic loader.
